Six stars on the NBA's Final Four teams in '09 came directly from high school. Still, many warn that they miss important life lessons by skipping college.
This is the part where I say goodbye, so here it goes…
I chose to do this project because its deals with an issue that is timely and current. The NBA changed its age limit starting with the 2006 draft. Up until 2005, players could be drafted right after high school. The new rule made it so that players had to be one year removed from their high school graduation and 19 years of age to enter the draft. In my opinion, this rule change is discriminatory and prevents 18-year-olds, who are of course legal adults, from pursuing their professional careers and earning a living.
A big part of the reason why I chose to pursue this project was the pioneering move made by Brandon Jennings last year. Jennings failed to pass the entrance exam in order to attend college, and with the NBA not an option, he chose to skip school and sign with a pro team in Italy. Jennings played there for one season, made over $1 million dollars and entered the draft this year. He was taken with the 10th overall pick by the Milwaukee Bucks. I find his story very interesting and it really makes me wonder why the NBA would be willing to let talented players like Jennings start their careers overseas. I truly believe that more and more players will do what Jennings did. Case in point, a San Diego standout named Jeremy Tyler is forgoing his senior year of high school to play in Europe for two seasons before entering the draft. What’s to stop even younger players from turning pro overseas and making good money?
This project matters because it deals with class; many of these players come from impoverished backgrounds. It deals with race; many of these players are African-American. Finally, it deals with education; many of the elite high school talents don’t really want to go to college, but only do so because of the NBA’s policy. This leads to three things: it makes a mockery out of college basketball, it severely hurts academic integrity, and it dramatically increases the chances of recruiting violations.
The number of “one-and-done” players hurts college basketball because it makes it very hard for programs to maintain continuity and sustain success, not to mention brings down the level of play. It also forces schools to think long and hard about the risks versus the rewards of taking on players who may attend for just one season. Academic integrity is hurt because “one-and-dones,” especially if they already know they’re declaring for the NBA, will only take their fall semester of classes seriously. The spring semester doesn’t matter because in their eyes, they’ll be in the league come summer. Even for players who leave for the NBA after their sophomore or junior seasons, very few end up making up the coursework to earn their degrees. In fact, four out of fiveretiredNBA players (currently the average retirement age is 27) don’t have college degrees. When players don’t finish school, it hurts graduation rates among athletes and causes the loss of scholarships. Finally, perhaps the biggest drawback to players going to college who don’t really want to, are recruiting violations that can ruin a school’s program for many years. Two of the top NBA rookies from this past season, Derrick Rose and O.J. Mayo, are at the center of NCAA investigations into improprieties at the schools they attended, Memphis and USC respectively. The number of violations and investigations will only rise as long as talented players are made to delay their professional careers by one year.
I hope that my project contributes to society by showing people how unfair the NBA was on changing a policy that had done just fine since 1971. That year, Spencer Haywood successfully sued the NBA for the right to play in the league without being four years removed from high school graduation, which was the policy at the time. After Haywood’s U.S. Supreme Court victory, high school players and college underclassmen were allowed to enter the NBA draft.
Clockwise are the Magic's Rashard Lewis and Dwight Howard, the Cavaliers' LeBron James, the Lakers' Kobe Bryant and Andrew Bynum, and the Nuggets' J.R. Smith. What do they have in common? All are key contributors on the NBA's final four teams from this past season and all entered the league directly from high school. (AP photos)
To be fair, there have been some colossal busts drafted directly out of high school. Further, some of the preps taken over the years lacked the emotional and physical maturity to truly succeed. However, the very same criticisms can be made of more experienced prospects. I would hope that my project helps people realize that if someone has the talent, they should be able to pursue whatever it is they excel at, no matter their age. If a 10-year-old is smart enough to gain admission to college, and a 90-year-old is still sharp enough to serve as the District Attorney for New York (Robert Morgenthau), then what’s the big fuss over an 18-year-old trying to play professional basketball?
The age limit should be done away with and the NBA should heed the passionate words of Sonny Vaccaro, one of my interview subjects for this project: “If the professional bodies, the pro teams themselves, don’t think these kids can do it, don’t draft them. Don’t employ them!”
***
It’s been a long and eventful summer but I’ve definitely enjoyed the ride. Here are links to the main parts of my project:
- Review of the last five NBA drafts: An analysis of the players selected from 2005, the last draft to allow entry to high schoolers, through to this year. Here are my findings:
The number of players who made the jump from high school basketball to the NBA without playing in college can be divided into four eras. Starting from Tony Kappen and Connie Simmons in 1946 through to Brandon Jennings here in 2009, prep stars have made an impact, both positive and negative, on the NBA. Let’s take a look at the history of preps-to-pros players:
1946-1962: In 1946, the inaugural season of the Basketball Association of America (which became the NBA in 1949 after merging with the National Basketball League), Tony Kappen became the league’s first player without any college experience. Later that first season, Connie Simmons joined the Boston Celtics as a teammate of Kappen’s and became the second player in the BAA without college experience.
Kappen played just that one season and averaged 6.5 points per game. Simmons, however, enjoyed a 1o-year career and finished with averages of 9.8 points and 6.2 rebounds a game. He won championships with the Baltimore Bullets in 1948 and the Syracuse Nationals in 1955.
Joe Graboski was a contemporary of Kappen and Simmons and was the third NBA player without college experience. Graboski played in the league for 13 seasons and and finished with career averages of 11 points and 8.1 rebounds per game.
1963-1994: In 1962, Reggie Harding became the first player to be drafted into the NBA directly from high school when his hometown Detroit Pistons took him in the fourth round. Harding, however, didn’t enter the league until the 1963-64 season. He averaged 9 points and 9.1 rebounds per game in four NBA seasons. His career was cut short by drug addiction and off-court problems. Harding died in 1972 at the age of 30 after being shot at a Detroit intersection.
After Harding, another player didn’t go from high school to the NBA until 1976. Moses Malone signed a letter of intent to play at the University of Maryland in 1974 but changed his mind after the American Basketball Association’s Utah Stars drafted him that same year. Two years later, the ABA merged with the NBA and Malone played until 1995, enjoying a Hall-of-Fame career that resulted with one championship and three league MVP awards. He remains one of the most successful players to make the jump from high school.
Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby were two of Malone’s contemporaries, as both were taken in the 1975 NBA draft. Dawkins was the fifth overall pick and played until the 1988-89 season, but never fully lived up to expectations. He averaged 12 points per game for his career and his best remembered for being a ferocious dunker (video evidence below) who nicknamed his slams. Willoughby, the No. 19 pick in ’75, had a journeyman career, playing for six teams in eight seasons and can probably be considered as the first prep-to-pro player to be a bust, strictly based on his high draft position. He became the last high school player drafted for the next 20 years.
No high school players were drafted from 1975 to 1995. However, there were several players who enrolled but never played in college before turning pro. Shawn Kemp was by far the most successful of this group of players. Kemp committed to the University of Kentucky in 1988 but never played for the Wildcats, leaving before the season started because of academic trouble. He enrolled at Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas, but arrived too late to be able to play. Kemp declared for the 1989 NBA draft and was taken by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 17th overall pick. He led the Sonics to the NBA Finals in 1996 and was a six-time All-Star during a 14-year career where he averaged 14.6 points and 8.4 rebounds per game.
1995-2005: This decade saw the number of high school players drafted rise dramatically, which undoubtedly influenced the NBA in its decision to enforce an age limit. The era of drafting based on potential was ushered in by the Minnesota Timberwolves when they took 1995 USA TODAY national player of the year Kevin Garnett with the fifth overall pick. Garnett gradually developed into one of the NBA’s best players and turned the Timberwolves into a perennial playoff team. A 12-time All-Star, Garnett has won an MVP award and a Defensive Player of the Year award while being a regular honoree on the All-NBA and All-Defensive teams. He won his first NBA championship as a member of the Boston Celtics in 2008.
In the years following Garnett, the list of preps-to-pros drafted has its fair share of stars:
Analysis: Bryant is arguably the NBA’s best player and has won four championships, two scoring titles, and one MVP award. He is an 11-time All-Star and a regular member of the All-NBA and All-Defensive teams. Though his career started slowly because he was on a talent-laden Trail Blazers team, O’Neal hasn’t been too shabby himself. He is a six-time All-Star and has a career scoring average of 14.3.
Class rating: The only preps taken in ’96, both Bryant and O’Neal were well-worth their draft positions. Both have had embarrassing moments (Bryant with his sexual assault case and O’Neal for the role he played in the infamous 2004 brawl with fans in Detroit) but they’ve enjoyed a great amount of success. Two-for-two gives this class a 100% rate of success.
Analysis: McGrady is a seven-time All-Star, has been named to seven All-NBA teams, has two scoring titles, and was named the league’s most improved player in 2001. Jackson averaged a career-high 20.7 points per game this past season and is a career 15.4 scorer.
Class rating: The biggest knock on McGrady has been his inability to win playoff series. In recent years he has also had to contend with injury problems. Jackson wasn’t ready when the Suns took him in ’97 and didn’t make his NBA debut until 2000 with the Nets. He has stuck around and prospered despite seeing trouble away from the court. He was suspended 30 games by the NBA for his role in the same brawl with Pistons fans that O’Neal was involved in (see video below). That incident was followed in 2006 with Jackson being charged in a shooting after a fight broke out at an Indianapolis strip club. Since we’re not judging character here, but only what a player brings to the table, 1997 also gets a 100% rate of success.
Analysis: Harrington has been solid with a career average of 13.8 points per game, including a career-high 20.7 with the Knicks last season. Lewis, though, has been the most successful of the three preps taken in ’98. He is a two-time All-Star and averages 17 points a game for his career. The third prep taken that year was Korleone Young, at No. 40 overall by the Pistons.
Class rating: Harrington and Lewis are solid pros, if not borderline stars in the NBA. Young on the other hand, appeared in just three NBA games and if not for his lower draft position, would easily be considered one of the biggest busts among preps who tried to turn pro. Two out of three gives this class a 66.7% rate of success.
1999-2001
Analysis: Of the nine preps taken during this dry three-year stretch, none can really be considered to be among the upper echelon of NBA players. In 1999 we saw Jonathan Bender (No. 5) and Leon Smith (No. 29). In 2000 there was Darius Miles (No. 3) and DeShawn Stevenson (No. 23). Finally, in 2001, the five preps taken were Kwame Brown (the first prep to go No. 1), Tyson Chandler (No. 2), Eddy Curry (No. 4), DeSagana Diop (No. 8), and Ousmane Cisse (No. 46).
Class ratings: Bender never played a full 82-game season in an injury-plagued seven-year career, thus making him one of the biggest prep-to-pro busts. Smith didn’t actually play in the NBA until 2001, and even then only saw action in 15 games for the two seasons he was in the league. Behavioral and personal issues cut Smith’s career short. Miles has been OK, averaging 10.1 points per game for his career. He hasn’t played a full season since 2001-02 because of injuries and inconsistency, in addition to a variety of off-court problems. Stevenson has been a role player his entire career and has also seen his name on the police blotter. Brown remains the poster boy for high school players who were busts. Already with his fourth NBA team, his career average is just 7 points per game. Perhaps no other prep player was more unprepared for the NBA than Brown, as evidenced in this Washington Post piece. Chandler has carved a niche in the league as a rebounder and defender but hasn’t lived up to such a high draft position. The same can be said of Curry, who at 13.4 points per game is a solid scorer, but has struggled with conditioning and for someone who is 6-11, 285 lbs., he averages a paltry 5.3 rebounds per contest. Diop is a massive disappointment with a career average of just 2.1 points. Cisse never appeared in an NBA game.
This three-year stretch of bad draft picks caused heartache for many NBA owners and general managers. A lot of money was spent and very little was received in return. Perhaps nothing had a bigger influence on the NBA changing its policy than the disappointing return from these three years. Only because Chandler and Curry are serviceable starters, this three-draft class is two-for-nine for a 22.2% rate of success.
Analysis: Stoudemire was named the Rookie of the Year and is a four-time All-Star. He was named to the All-NBA First Team in 2007 and averages nearly a double-double for his career.
Class rating: Though he recently suffered a serious eye injury that will require the use of protective goggles, Stoudemire is a superb talent at power forward. Since he was the only prep taken in ’02, the class gets a 100% rate of success.
Analysis: James (AP photo) won Rookie of the Year, a scoring title in 2008, and was named league MVP this past season. He is a five-time All-Star and regular honoree on All-NBA teams. Preps drafted with James were Travis Outlaw (No. 23), Ndudi Ebi (No. 26), Kendrick Perkins (No. 27), and James Lang (No. 48).
LeBron James, who appeared on magazine covers before he was a senior in high school, is probably the best example of a preps star who was ready to play in the NBA right away.
Class rating: James’ name comes up in every conversation about who’s the NBA’s best player and his top-pick status was definitely warranted. Ebi and Lang played in a combined 30 NBA games. Outlaw is an integral, if not spectacular, player for the Trail Blazers who has averaged double figures the last two seasons. Perkins, known more for his rebounding and defense than his scoring, won an NBA title with the Celtics in 2008 and is their starting center. James, Outlaw, and Perkins give this class three out of five for a 60% rate of success.
Analysis: Howard is a three-time All-Star and was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year this past season. Jefferson’s scoring average has gone up with each season, including a career-high 23.1 this past year. The Smiths are double-figure scorers and play key roles on their respective teams. Joining this class were Shaun Livingston (No. 4), Robert Swift (No. 12), Sebastian Telfair (No. 13), and Dorell Wright (No. 19).
Class rating: Howard’s game gets better each year as he asserts his place as the NBA’s best center. Jefferson suffered an ACL injury that ended last season prematurely but should have many bright years ahead. The Smiths should continue to have value wherever their careers take them. Livingston has had an injury-marred career thus far and has averaged just 7.3 points per game, making him a bust thus far. Swift is an even bigger bust and has never played more than 47 games in one season. For a 7-1 center, his averages of 4.3 points and 3.9 rebounds don’t justify his high selection. Telfair has started his fair share of games but poor shooting and turnovers make him an average point guard at best. Wright was slowly showing signs of improvement but spent most of last season injured and remains a bit-part player for the Heat. This class hit on four of the eight picks so it gets a 50% rate of success.
For an in-depth summary on how the class of ’05 turned out, read this earlier post. When healthy, Martell Webster (No. 6), Bynum, C.J. Miles (No. 34), and Ellis are starters for their teams. Louis Williams (No. 45) has averaged double-figures off the bench last two seasons and is primed to start for the 76ers this upcoming season while Gerald Green (No. 18), Andray Blatche (No. 49) and Amir Johnson (No. 56) will need to show more. Thus, this class hit on five of the eight picks for a 62.5% rate of success.
2006 and beyond: Since the NBA changed its draft eligibility policy beginning with the 2006 draft, 26 of the 240 picks (or 10.8%) in the last four drafts have been one-and-done players. If we count sophomores as underclassmen, which they are generally viewed as, then 58 of the 240 (24.2%) picks, or one out of every four have been spent on players with two or less years of college experience. The percentage would be even higher if we were to count foreign players, many of whom start playing professionally as teenagers.
One player did not figure into the above tallies. Who is he? Brandon Jennings, of course. The No. 10 pick by the Milwaukee Bucks in this year’s draft, Jennings opted to take a different path to the NBA, and one that many more players will consider in the future. After being unable to pass an entrance exam in order to play at the University of Arizona, Jennings decided to bypass college and play in Europe for one year before entering the NBA draft. He signed with Italian team Lottomatica Virtus Roma and made over $1 million during his one season abroad according to adviser Sonny Vaccaro.
Already, the ripple effect from Jennings’ move is being seen. Earlier this year, Jeremy Tyler, a standout from San Diego, announced that he was skipping his senior year of high school to play in Europe for two years before entering the NBA draft. In July, Latavious Williams, a preps star from Humble, Texas, backed out of a scholarship to play at Memphis to announce that he too would pursue an opportunity to play overseas. This is only the beginning and the flow of American youngsters overseas will only continue until the NBA and NCAA confer and come up with an age policy that can benefit both their institutions and the talented players involved.
For John Paul “Sonny” Vaccaro, there are three things more important than anything else in life: “The God you believe in, your family, and earning a living.”
Vaccaro certainly made good on the last point, spending nearly three decades as a highly successful shoe company marketing executive and trusted adviser to some of the greatest basketball players ever seen.
The man who signed Michael Jordan to his first sneaker deal in 1984 and has served as a close confidant to the likes of Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady and LeBron James, to name a few, stepped away from his professional career two years ago.
Vaccaro, however, remains an influential figure in basketball. With Vaccaro’s assistance, Brandon Jennings, a talented point guard from Compton, Calif., left to play professionally in Italy after high school last year, forgoing college altogether.
Earlier this year, Vaccaro gave the same blessing to Jeremy Tyler, a 17-year-old standout from San Diego. Tyler, though, is not just skipping college but also his senior year of high school.
The reason behind the pioneering moves made by Jennings and Tyler? The NBA’s 2005 collective bargaining agreement, which required that beginning with the 2006 draft all American players be at least 19 and a year removed from high school.
“In the easiest way to describe it, it was unfair. It wasn’t right because a precedent had been set very successfully in kids who do this,” says Vaccaro. “They don’t have the right to discriminate against your ability to earn a living. I just don’t believe that. Nobody. In any part of society.”
The precedent Vaccaro’s referring to is a 10-year period from 1995-2005 which saw many of the best high school players bypass college for the NBA. In total, 39 preps were drafted in that span, including stars such as Bryant, James, McGrady, Kevin Garnett, Dwight Howard, Al Jefferson, Rashard Lewis, Jermaine O’Neal, and Amare Stoudemire.
Making his case
Vaccaro has his own theories as to why the NBA would enforce an age limit.
“I think the most important reason they did it was that David [Stern], the NBA, can save on the contracts. If you make it 18-plus-one, or any discriminatory age, you automatically delay the future contracts by two or three years,” says Vaccaro. “It’s the third contract that’s the $100 million contract, it’s not the first rookie-based contract. There’s only four years guaranteed and two of them are team options. It’s the delaying the paying of the money, and David Stern and the NBA and the players’ association realize that they can delay the entry level of these kids.”
Vaccaro thinks the change is squarely about the money. He points out that NBA teams can save by holding on to veteran players at mid-level, or even minimum-level salaries, rather than having to open up their wallets for talented younger players.
Vaccaro also bristles at the notion that high school players aren’t ready for the grind of the NBA. To prove his case, he refers to the Cavaliers, Lakers, Magic and Nuggets – the final four teams (hypothetically, the four best teams) in this year’s NBA playoffs. Cleveland’s James, Denver’s J.R. Smith, Los Angeles’ Bryant and Andrew Bynum, and Orlando’s Howard and Lewis – all key contributors to their teams – made the jump from high school.
“Six of the key players, six of them. And they’re not just players,” says Vaccaro excitedly. “So how do you in good faith argue the point that they weren’t ready?”
Sonny Vaccaro signed Michael Jordan to his first shoe deal.
If only it were that easy. For all the success stories, there have also been some colossal failures. Names like Jonathan Bender, Darius Miles, Kwame Brown, DeSagana Diop, Shaun Livingston, Robert Swift, and Martell Webster were all lottery picks that haven’t worked out. Others such as Korleone Young, Leon Smith, Ousmane Cisse, Ndudi Ebi, and James Lang barely even broke a sweat in the NBA or saw trouble off the court.
Still, Vaccaro thinks the blame should not rest on the players, successful or otherwise.
“If the professional bodies, the pro teams themselves, don’t think these kids can do it, don’t draft them. Don’t employ them! The thing that’s missing, and even to the public, is the very people who don’t want them to come play in their league, are the very people that draft them,” says Vaccaro.
Responding to criticism
In a May 12 USA Today story, Wally Renfro, an NCAA vice president and senior adviser to NCAA President Myles Brand, spoke negatively of Vaccaro.
“He helped create an environment in which the value of high school and college education has been diminished in the minds of many young basketball players,” Renfro told the newspaper.
When asked about Renfro’s comment, Vaccaro claimed a double standard.
“Wally Renfro’s group [the NCAA] took more money from shoe companies than any other organization in the history of corporate sponsorships. … If he thinks I did these things, then why did he not think I did these things in 1978 when we signed our first colleges?”
Indeed, Vaccaro was the first person to pay college basketball coaches for exclusive apparel deals. He later orchestrated similar agreements with the schools.
“So Wally’s blaming me, and I accept … I publicized and marketed the kids, I accept that. But I also want him to say in the same breathe, ‘Thank you Mr. Vaccaro and Nike for publicizing and marketing Maryland and Georgetown and North Carolina,’” says Vaccaro. “They all sell our products. We’re on their bookshelves, in their bookstores. They let me in the door! No matter who wants to say I demonized or didn’t demonize, it all got its start 30 years ago when they [the NCAA] took the money.”
The future
Vaccaro believes that the NBA will eventually lift the age requirement. If — as Jennings and Tyler have done — more players decide to play in Europe before gaining eligibility, Vaccaro thinks the league will have to react and come up with a resolution to its collective bargaining agreement.
“What Jeremy Tyler did is open the door to a wider spectrum of people. You know, now you’ve got 17-year-old kids who want to do it,” says Vaccaro.
The easy money is certainly hard to argue against. According to Vaccaro, Jennings made over $1 million in salary and endorsements during his one season playing in Italy. That is money “very hard for normal people with college educations to achieve with their degrees,” says Vaccaro.
The alternative is to go to college and become a ‘one-and-done’ player, or one that leaves for the NBA right after becoming eligible. There are a growing number of ‘one-and-done’ players and the ramifications of the NBA’s 2005 rule change are slowly becoming evident. Young NBA stars such as O.J. Mayo and Derrick Rose have been in the news recently for investigations of NCAA rule violations that have been black eyes for the basketball programs at Southern California and Memphis.
Vaccaro makes it very clear that he is not against youngsters getting their educations. For most of his clients, going to college to forward their basketball careers is the right decision. Only a very selective group of high school players is physically capable and talented enough to make the jump to the NBA. For the few preps that fit that description and come from humble means, the choice between going to college or turning pro is often very clear.
“How do they [critics] beat me up? How do they beat this whole system up? When someone can take themselves off of welfare basically and have money in the bank,” says Vaccaro. “Isn’t it interesting? These kids are doing it the right way; they’re trying to make a living with their talent. We’re talking about people capable of earning money legally — without resorting to any criminal activity!”
I thought I’d take some space to explain the name and the appearance of the site. The name ‘Hoop Teens’ is a small play on ‘Hoop Dreams,’ a really good 1994 documentary that followed two high school players from Chicago who dreamed of playing professionally. The term ‘hoop dreams’ serves as an accurate description for the hopes and aspirations of young basketball players. Thus, I changed ‘dreams’ to ‘teens’ (though, all of the underclassmen I’ll talk about won’t necessarily be ‘teens’) and came up with what is hopefully a somewhat catchy and poignant name. If anyone has a better idea, let me know!
Haywood is up there because he successfully sued the NBA in 1971 to pave the way for college underclassmen to enter the draft. Haywood was recently in the news because he feels like he’s being forgotten for the role he played. I’ve obtained Haywood’s contact information and hope to interview him and write a piece on his experience.
Garnett, Bryant, James and Howard are up there because I feel like they embody the best-case scenarios of making the jump from high school to the NBA. They are perennial All-Stars and only Howard lacks a league MVP award, but he still has a long career ahead of him. Garnett and Bryant have championship rings, while LeBron has reached the Finals before and Howard’s Magic are currently fighting Kobe’s Lakers for the crown. These guys will admittedly be hard to track down and talk to, but I’ll try and see what I can do. Regardless, there will be parts of the project that will touch on the success stories.
Brown was included because he’s the posterboy for a straight-from-high-school-to-NBA player that didn’t pan out. In 2001, Brown became the first high school player drafted No. 1 overall when the Washington Wizards selected him. Brown is now with the Detroit Pistons, his fourth team in his disappointing eight-year career where he has averaged 7 points a game. The Washington Post‘s Sally Jenkins wrote a terrific piece in April 2002 chronicling Brown’s rookie year and foreshadowing his struggles. Parts of my project will also focus on high schoolers who failed to make the leap.
The last player in the header is Brandon Jennings. If you haven’t heard of him, you soon will. Jennings set a precedent last year when he chose to go play in Europe (and make money) rather than attend college for one year. After a season in Italy, Jennings is entered in this year’s draft and expected to be a lottery pick. I’m hoping to track him down for an interview, as well as Jeremy Tyler (AP photo below), a player from San Diego who will be skipping his senior year of high school to play in Europe for two years before entering the NBA draft.
Arin Karimian
